Definition
Decreased cardiac output, therefore, preventing effective perfusion of peripheral tissues.
Etiology- Hypertension
- Dyslipidaemia
- Diabetes mellitus
- Smoking
- Previous Myocardial Infraction (MI)
- Valvular heart disease
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- Left heart failure
- Dyspnoea
- Orthopnoea
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
- Productive pink frothy cough
- Fatigue
- Loss of Weight
- Right heart failure
- Peripheral oedema
- Nausea
- Ascites
- Epistaxis
- Transthoracic Echocardiogram
- Doppler US
- Chest X-ray
- ECG
- BNP levels
- Troponin level
- General:
- Lifestyle changes
- Fluid restriction
- Weight loss for patients with high BMI
- Smoking cessation for smokers
- Acute cases:
- Loop diuretics
- Supplemental oxygen if low O2 sats
- Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN)
- Pain management
- Chronic cases:
- ACE inhibitor or ARB + Beta-blocker ± Aldosterone antagonist
- Loop diuretics if fluid overload
